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List of heads of state by diplomatic precedence

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Protocol holds that a head of state takes precedence over all other officials, and that heads of state rank in the order that they took office. The following list contains the heads of state for all United Nations member states and non-member observer states.

Commonwealth realms, other than the United Kingdom, each have a local governor-general appointed to represent the monarch in the realm's government. Governors-general are frequently accorded the status and privileges of a head of state at diplomatic events when considered as representing their absentee monarch, but not as themselves heads of state. The princes of Andorra each have a representative as well. Hereditary Prince Alois is permanent representative for exercising the sovereign powers due to Liechtenstein Prince Hans-Adam II.[1] They are included in the list and are highlighted in blue.

However, in many cases it is not this neutral principle but national rules of protocol that are acted upon, usually by an international event's host nation, as in many bilateral and even certain multilateral occasions. Various international organisations have a system for internal use. Even in the presence of one or more Heads of State, certain occasions are governed by specific protocol, e.g. military. Thus in many cases precedence is given to monarchs over republican heads of state, mostly in monarchies; in some nations, the Pope (himself a monarchical head of state) ranks above secular heads of state, especially in Roman Catholic countries.

States recognised by the United Nations

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Current

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Title Name Assumed office Country
King Carl XVI Gustaf 15 September 1973  Sweden
President[a] Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo[b] 3 August 1979  Equatorial Guinea
President Paul Biya[c] 6 November 1982  Cameroon
Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah 1 January 1984[d]  Brunei
President[e] Yoweri Museveni 26 January 1986  Uganda
King Mswati III 25 April 1986  Eswatini[f]
Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei[g] 4 June 1989  Iran[h]
Reigning Prince Hans-Adam II[i][j] 13 November 1989  Liechtenstein
King Harald V[k][l] 17 January 1991  Norway
President Emomali Rahmon 20 November 1992  Tajikistan
President Isaias Afwerki 24 May 1993[m]  Eritrea
President Alexander Lukashenko 20 July 1994  Belarus
King Letsie III[n] 7 February 1996  Lesotho
President Denis Sassou Nguesso[o] 25 October 1997  Republic of the Congo
King Abdullah II 7 February 1999  Jordan
King[p] Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa 6 March 1999  Bahrain[q]
President Ismaïl Omar Guelleh[r] 8 May 1999  Djibouti
King Mohammed VI 23 July 1999  Morocco
President Paul Kagame 24 March 2000[s]  Rwanda
President Bashar al-Assad[t] 17 July 2000  Syria
Grand Duke Henri[u] 7 October 2000  Luxembourg
Co-Prince Archbishop Joan Enric Vives i Sicília 12 May 2003  Andorra
President Ilham Aliyev[v][w] 31 October 2003  Azerbaijan
Prince Regent Hereditary Prince Alois[j] 15 August 2004  Liechtenstein
King Norodom Sihamoni 14 October 2004  Cambodia
President Mahmoud Abbas 15 January 2005  Palestine
Sovereign Prince Albert II[x] 6 April 2005  Monaco
President Faure Gnassingbé[y][z] 4 May 2005  Togo
King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck 9 December 2006  Bhutan
President Daniel Ortega[aa] 10 January 2007  Nicaragua
(Governor-General) Sir Patrick Allen 26 February 2009  Jamaica
President Alassane Ouattara[ab] 4 December 2010  Ivory Coast
President Salva Kiir Mayardit 9 July 2011  South Sudan
President Michael D. Higgins 11 November 2011  Ireland
King Tupou VI[ac] 18 March 2012  Tonga
President Vladimir Putin[ad] 7 May 2012  Russia
(Representative of the Episcopal Co-Prince) Josep Maria Mauri 20 July 2012  Andorra
President Nicolás Maduro 5 March 2013[ae]  Venezuela
Supreme Pontiff Francis 13 March 2013  Holy See[af]
President Xi Jinping 14 March 2013  China[ag]
King Willem-Alexander 30 April 2013  Netherlands
(Governor-General) Dame Cécile La Grenade 7 May 2013  Grenada
Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani 25 June 2013  Qatar
King Philippe 21 July 2013  Belgium
President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi 8 June 2014  Egypt
King Felipe VI 19 June 2014  Spain
(Governor-General) Sir Rodney Williams 14 August 2014  Antigua and Barbuda
President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan[ah] 28 August 2014  Turkey
President Klaus Iohannis 21 December 2014  Romania
President Filipe Nyusi 15 January 2015  Mozambique
King Salman 23 January 2015  Saudi Arabia
President Sergio Mattarella 3 February 2015  Italy
President Andrzej Duda 6 August 2015  Poland
Federal Councillor Guy Parmelin 1 January 2016   Switzerland
President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa 9 March 2016  Portugal
President Taneti Maamau 11 March 2016  Kiribati
President Faustin-Archange Touadéra[ai] 30 March 2016  Central African Republic
President Patrice Talon 6 April 2016  Benin
President Azali Assoumani[aj] 26 May 2016  Comoros
President Shavkat Mirziyoyev[ak] 8 September 2016  Uzbekistan
King Maha Vajiralongkorn 13 October 2016  Thailand[al]
President Nana Akufo-Addo[am] 7 January 2017  Ghana
President Adama Barrow 19 January 2017  The Gambia
President Rumen Radev 22 January 2017  Bulgaria
Federal President Alexander Van der Bellen 26 January 2017  Austria
(Governor-General) Sir Bob Dadae 28 February 2017  Papua New Guinea
Federal President Frank-Walter Steinmeier 19 March 2017  Germany
President Emmanuel Macron 14 May 2017  France
Co-Prince  Andorra
(Representative of the French Co-Prince) Patrick Strzoda 14 May 2017  Andorra
President Aleksandar Vučić[an] 31 May 2017  Serbia
O le Ao o le Malo Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II 21 July 2017  Samoa
President João Lourenço 26 September 2017  Angola[ao]
Federal Councillor Ignazio Cassis 1 November 2017   Switzerland
President Emmerson Mnangagwa 24 November 2017  Zimbabwe
President Cyril Ramaphosa 15 February 2018  South Africa
President Mokgweetsi Masisi 1 April 2018  Botswana
President Julius Maada Bio[ap] 4 April 2018  Sierra Leone
President of the Council of State Miguel Díaz-Canel 19 April 2018  Cuba
Presidency Member Željko Komšić 20 November 2018  Bosnia and Herzegovina
President Salome Zourabichvili 16 December 2018  Georgia
Federal Councillor 1 January 2019   Switzerland
President Félix Tshisekedi[aq] 24 January 2019  Democratic Republic of the Congo
President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev 20 March 2019  Kazakhstan
President of the State Affairs Commission Kim Jong-un 11 April 2019[ar]  North Korea
Emperor Naruhito 1 May 2019  Japan
President Volodymyr Zelenskyy 20 May 2019

 Ukraine

President Nayib Bukele 1 June 2019  El Salvador
President Gitanas Nausėda 12 July 2019  Lithuania
President Mohamed Ould Ghazouani 1 August 2019  Mauritania
(Governor-General) Susan Dougan 1 August 2019  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
President Kaïs Saïed 23 October 2019  Tunisia
President Prithvirajsing Roopun 2 December 2019  Mauritius
President Abdelmadjid Tebboune[as] 19 December 2019  Algeria
Sultan Haitham bin Tariq[at] 11 January 2020  Oman
President Zoran Milanović[au] 18 February 2020  Croatia
President Umaro Sissoco Embaló[av] 27 February 2020  Guinea-Bissau
President Luis Lacalle Pou[aw] 1 March 2020  Uruguay
President Katerina Sakellaropoulou 13 March 2020  Greece
President Évariste Ndayishimiye 18 June 2020  Burundi
President Lazarus Chakwera 28 June 2020  Malawi
President Chan Santokhi 16 July 2020  Suriname
President Irfaan Ali 2 August 2020  Guyana
President Luis Abinader 16 August 2020  Dominican Republic
President Wavel Ramkalawan 26 October 2020  Seychelles
President Luis Arce 8 November 2020  Bolivia
President Maia Sandu 24 December 2020  Moldova
President Joe Biden 20 January 2021  United States
President Surangel Whipps Jr. 21 January 2021  Palau
President Sadyr Japarov[ax] 28 January 2021  Kyrgyzstan
Chairman of the Presidential Council Mohamed al-Menfi 15 March 2021  Libya
President Samia Suluhu 17 March 2021  Tanzania
President Thongloun Sisoulith[ay] 22 March 2021  Laos
President[az] Mahamat Déby Itno 20 April 2021  Chad
Acting Interim President: 25 May 2021 – 7 June 2021
Interim President: 7 June 2021 – present
[ba]
Assimi Goïta 25 May 2021  Mali
(Governor-General) Froyla Tzalam 27 May 2021  Belize
President Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh[bb] 25 June 2021  Mongolia
President Isaac Herzog[bc] 7 July 2021  Israel
(Governor General) Mary Simon 26 July 2021

 Canada

Supreme Leader (unrecognized) Hibatullah Akhundzada 15 August 2021  Afghanistan
President Hakainde Hichilema 24 August 2021  Zambia
Interim President[bd] Mamady Doumbouya 5 September 2021  Guinea
(Governor-General) Tofiga Vaevalu Falani 28 September 2021  Tuvalu
President Carlos Vila Nova 2 October 2021  São Tomé and Príncipe
President Alar Karis 11 October 2021  Estonia
(Governor-General) Dame Cindy Kiro 21 October 2021  New Zealand
President José Maria Neves[be] 9 November 2021  Cape Verde
(Acting Governor-General) Errol Charles 11 November 2021  Saint Lucia
Presidency Transitional Sovereignty Council[2][3] 11 November 2021[4]  Sudan
President Wiliame Katonivere 12 November 2021  Fiji
President Sandra Mason[bf][bg] 30 November 2021  Barbados
President Xiomara Castro 27 January 2022  Honduras
President Gabriel Boric 11 March 2022  Chile
President Vahagn Khachaturyan 13 March 2022  Armenia
President Serdar Berdimuhamedow 19 March 2022  Turkmenistan
Chairman of the Presidential Leadership Council Rashad al-Alimi 7 April 2022  Yemen
President Rodrigo Chaves Robles 8 May 2022  Costa Rica
President Yoon Suk-yeol 10 May 2022  South Korea
President Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan[bh] 14 May 2022  United Arab Emirates
President José Ramos-Horta[bi] 20 May 2022  East Timor
President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud[bj] 23 May 2022  Somalia
President Bongbong Marcos[bk] 30 June 2022  Philippines
President Nikenike Vurobaravu 23 July 2022  Vanuatu
President Bajram Begaj 24 July 2022  Albania
President Droupadi Murmu 25 July 2022  India
President Gustavo Petro 7 August 2022  Colombia
King Charles III 8 September 2022  Antigua and Barbuda
King  Australia
King  The Bahamas
King  Belize
King  Canada
King  Grenada
King  Jamaica
King  New Zealand
King  Papua New Guinea
King  Saint Kitts and Nevis
King  Saint Lucia
King  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
King  Solomon Islands
King  Tuvalu
King  United Kingdom
President William Ruto 13 September 2022  Kenya
Interim President[bl] Ibrahim Traoré 30 September 2022  Burkina Faso
President Abdul Latif Rashid 17 October 2022  Iraq
Acting President Najib Mikati 31 October 2022  Lebanon
Presidency 16 November 2022  Bosnia and Herzegovina
President Dina Boluarte 7 December 2022  Peru
President Nataša Pirc Musar 23 December 2022  Slovenia
President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva[bm] 1 January 2023  Brazil
Federal Councillor 1 January 2023   Switzerland
(Governor-General) Marcella Liburd 1 February 2023  Saint Kitts and Nevis
President Nikos Christodoulides 28 February 2023  Cyprus
President Petr Pavel 9 March 2023  Czech Republic
President Ram Chandra Poudel 13 March 2023    Nepal
President Christine Kangaloo 20 March 2023  Trinidad and Tobago
President Mohammed Shahabuddin 24 April 2023  Bangladesh
President Wesley Simina 11 May 2023  Micronesia
President Jakov Milatović 20 May 2023  Montenegro
President Bola Tinubu 29 May 2023  Nigeria
President Edgars Rinkēvičs 8 July 2023  Latvia
President of the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland Abdourahamane Tchiani 26 July 2023  Niger
President Santiago Peña 15 August 2023  Paraguay
Head of the Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema 30 August 2023  Gabon
(Governor General) Cynthia A. Pratt 1 September 2023  The Bahamas
President Tharman Shanmugaratnam 14 September 2023  Singapore
President Sylvanie Burton 2 October 2023  Dominica
President David Adeang 30 October 2023  Nauru
President Mohamed Muizzu 17 November 2023  Maldives
President Daniel Noboa 23 November 2023  Ecuador
President Javier Milei 10 December 2023  Argentina
Emir Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah 16 December 2023  Kuwait
President Andry Rajoelina[bn] 16 December 2023  Madagascar
Federal Councillor Beat Jans 1 January 2024   Switzerland
(President) Viola Amherd 1 January 2024   Switzerland
President Hilda Heine[bo] 3 January 2024  Marshall Islands
King Frederik X 14 January 2024  Denmark
President Bernardo Arévalo 15 January 2024  Guatemala
President Joseph Boakai 22 January 2024  Liberia
Yang di-Pertuan Agong Ibrahim Iskandar 31 January 2024  Malaysia
President Nangolo Mbumba 4 February 2024  Namibia
President Alexander Stubb 1 March 2024  Finland
President Tamás Sulyok 5 March 2024  Hungary
President Asif Ali Zardari[bp] 10 March 2024  Pakistan
(Chairman of the Presidency) Denis Bećirović 16 March 2024  Bosnia and Herzegovina
President Bassirou Diomaye Faye 2 April 2024  Senegal
President Myriam Spiteri Debono 4 April 2024  Malta
President Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova 12 May 2024  North Macedonia
President Peter Pellegrini[bq] 15 June 2024  Slovakia
(Governor-General) Sam Mostyn 1 July 2024  Australia
President José Raúl Mulino 1 July 2024  Panama
(Governor-General) David Tiva Kapu 7 July 2024  Solomon Islands
Acting President Min Aung Hlaing 22 July 2024  Myanmar
President Masoud Pezeshkian 28 July 2024  Iran
President Halla Tómasdóttir 1 August 2024  Iceland
President Anura Kumara Dissanayake 23 September 2024  Sri Lanka
Captains Regent Francesca Civerchia 1 October 2024  San Marino
Dalibor Riccardi[br]
President Claudia Sheinbaum 1 October 2024  Mexico
President Taye Atske Selassie 7 October 2024  Ethiopia
President of the Transitional Presidential Council Leslie Voltaire 7 October 2024  Haiti
President Prabowo Subianto 20 October 2024  Indonesia
President Lương Cường 21 October 2024  Vietnam

States with limited recognition

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Current

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Title Name Assumed office Country
President Brahim Ghali 12 July 2016  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
President Vadim Krasnoselsky 16 December 2016  Transnistria
President Muse Bihi Abdi 13 December 2017  Somaliland
President Aslan Bzhania 23 April 2020  Abkhazia
President Ersin Tatar 23 October 2020  Northern Cyprus
President Vjosa Osmani 4 April 2021  Kosovo
President Alan Gagloyev 24 May 2022  South Ossetia
President Lai Ching-te 20 May 2024  Republic of China (Taiwan)

Disputed governments

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The following heads of state represent governments that are recognized as legitimate by at least one UN member state.

Current

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Title Name Assumed office Country
Chairman of the Supreme Political Council Mahdi al-Mashat 25 April 2018  Yemen
President of the Coordination Council Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya 14 August 2020  Belarus
President of the Syrian National Coalition Hadi al-Bahra 12 September 2023  Syria
President of the National Assembly Dinorah Figuera 5 January 2023  Venezuela

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo was titled President of the Supreme Military Council until 25 August 1979.
  2. ^ Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo is the nephew of the previous president, Francisco Macías Nguema.
  3. ^ Paul Biya was previously Prime Minister between 30 June 1975 – 6 November 1982.
  4. ^ Hassanal Bolkiah has been Sultan of Brunei since 5 October 1967, but Brunei was a protectorate of the United Kingdom until 1 January 1984.
  5. ^ Yoweri Museveni was titled Chairman of the National Resistance Council until 29 January 1986
  6. ^ The country was the Kingdom of Swaziland before 2018.
  7. ^ Ali Khamenei was previously President of Iran from 2 October 1981 – 4 June 1989.
  8. ^ In Iran, the Supreme Leader is the head of state and the President is the head of government.
  9. ^ Hans-Adam II was previously Regent from 26 August 1984 – 13 November 1989.
  10. ^ a b Hereditary Prince Alois has been Regent for Hans-Adam II since 15 August 2004.
  11. ^ Harald V was previously Prince-Regent from 1 June 1990 – 17 January 1991.
  12. ^ Haakon was Prince-Regent from 25 November 2003 – 13 April 2004 and 29 March 2005 – 7 June 2005.
  13. ^ Isaias Afwerki has been the leader of Eritrea (initially titled Secretary-general of the Provisional Government) from 29 May 1991, but the country only became independent on 24 May 1993.
  14. ^ Letsie III was previously King of Lesotho between 12 November 1990 – 25 January 1995.
  15. ^ Denis Sassou Nguesso was previously President of the People's Republic of the Congo (as the country was named then) between 8 February 1979 – 31 August 1992.
  16. ^ The monarch was titled Emir until 14 February 2002.
  17. ^ The country was the State of Bahrain before 2002.
  18. ^ Ismaïl Omar Guelleh is the nephew of the previous president, Hassan Gouled Aptidon.
  19. ^ Paul Kagame was Acting President until 22 April 2000.
  20. ^ Bashar al-Assad is the son of the previous president, Hafez al-Assad.
  21. ^ Henri was previously Regent from 3 March 1998 – 7 October 2000.
  22. ^ Ilham Aliyev was previously Prime Minister between 4 August 2003 – 4 November 2003.
  23. ^ Ilham Aliyev is the son of the previous president, Heydar Aliyev.
  24. ^ Albert II was previously Regent from 31 March 2005 – 6 April 2005.
  25. ^ Faure Gnassingbé was previously President between 5 February 2005 – 25 February 2005.
  26. ^ Faure Gnassingbé is the son of the previous president, Gnassingbé Eyadéma.
  27. ^ Daniel Ortega was previously President between 10 January 1985 – 25 April 1990.
  28. ^ Alassane Ouattara was previously Prime Minister between 7 November 1990 – 9 December 1993.
  29. ^ Tupou VI – then titled Prince 'Ulukalala Lavaka Ata – was previously Prime Minister between 3 January 2000 – 11 February 2006.
  30. ^ Vladimir Putin was previously President between 31 December 1999 – 7 May 2008, and Prime Minister between 9 August 1999 – 7 May 2000 and 8 May 2008 – 7 May 2012.
  31. ^ Maduro was Acting President until 19 April 2013.
  32. ^ It is the Holy See and not the Vatican City state that maintains diplomatic relations with states and participates in international organisations. The Holy See and the Vatican City state are two separate and distinct entities. Foreign embassies are accredited to the Holy See, not to the Vatican City state, and it is the Holy See that establishes treaties and concordats with other sovereign entities. Also it is the Holy See that has United Nations Observer status not the Vatican City state.
  33. ^ Chinese President is a ceremonial figurehead, while General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party holds the highest authority of Paramount leader. The presidency has been held simultaneously by the General Secretary since 1993.
  34. ^ Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was previously Prime Minister between 14 March 2003 – 28 August 2014.
  35. ^ Faustin-Archange Touadéra was previously Prime Minister between 22 January 2008 – 17 January 2013.
  36. ^ Azali Assoumani was previously President between 26 May 2001 – 26 May 2006.
  37. ^ Shavkat Mirziyoyevwas Interim President until 14 December 2016 and was previously Prime Minister between 12 December 2003 – 14 December 2016.
  38. ^ Prem Tinsulanonda was Regent of Thailand from 13 October 2016 – 1 December 2016.
  39. ^ Nana Akufo-Addo is the son of a former president, Edward Akufo-Addo.
  40. ^ Aleksandar Vučić was previously Prime Minister between 27 April 2014 – 30 May 2017.
  41. ^ The country was the People's Republic of Angola before 1992.
  42. ^ Julis Maada Bio was Head of State of Sierra Leone (as Leader of the Supreme Council of State) from 16 January 1996 – 29 March 1996.
  43. ^ Félix Tshisekedi is the son of former Prime Minister Étienne Tshisekedi
  44. ^ Though Kim has held this office since 2016, the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly was the head of state until the 14th State Affairs Commission was formed.
  45. ^ Abdelmadjid Tebboune was Prime Minister of Algeria from 25 May 2017 – 15 August 2017.
  46. ^ Haitham bin Tariq is the cousin of the former Sultan Qaboos bin Said.
  47. ^ Zoran Milanović was Prime Minister of Croatia from 23 December 2011 – 22 January 2016.
  48. ^ Umaro Sissoco Embaló was Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau from 18 November 2016 – 30 January 2018.
  49. ^ Luis Lacalle Pou is the son of former President Luis Alberto Lacalle.
  50. ^ Sadyr Japarov was Acting Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from 6 October 2020 – 10 October 2020, Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from 10 October 2020 – 21 January 2021; and Acting President of Kyrgyzstan from 15 October 2020 – 14 November 2020. Japarov took a leave of absence from the office of Prime Minister from 14 November 2020 – 11 January 2021 to compete in the 2021 Kyrgyz presidential election; Artem Novikov acted for Japarov.
  51. ^ Thongloun Sisoulith was previously Prime Minister between 20 April 2016 – 22 March 2021 and is General Secretary of the People's Revolutionary Party since 15 January 2021.
  52. ^ As President of the Transitional Military Council until 10 October 2022, and thereafter as Transitional President until 10 May 2024
  53. ^ Assimi Goïta was Head of State of Mali (as Chairman of the National Committee for the Salvation of the People of Mali) 19 August 2020 – 27 August 2021 and Acting Head of State of Mali 27 August 2021 – 25 September 2020.
  54. ^ Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh was Prime Minister of Mongolia 4 October 2017 – 27 January 2021.
  55. ^ Isaac Herzog is the son of President Chaim Herzog.
  56. ^ As Chairman of the National Committee of Reconciliation and Development until 1 October 2021
  57. ^ José Maria Neves was Prime Minister of Cape Verde 1 February 2001 – 22 April 2016.
  58. ^ Sandra Mason was Acting Governor-General of Barbados 30 May 2012 – 1 June 2012.
  59. ^ Sandra Mason was Governor-General of Barbados 8 January 2018 – 30 November 2021.
  60. ^ Mohamed bin Zayed is the brother of the previous President, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan.
  61. ^ José Ramos-Horta was Acting Prime Minister of East Timor 26 June 2006 – 10 July 2006, Prime Minister of East Timor 10 July 2006 – 19 May 2007, and President of East Timor 20 May 2007 – 11 February 2008 and 17 April 2008 – 20 May 2012.
  62. ^ Hassan Sheikh Mohamud was President of Somalia 16 September 2012 – 16 February 2017.
  63. ^ Bongbong Marcos is the son of former President and Prime Minister Ferdinand Marcos.
  64. ^ As President of the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration until 6 October 2022
  65. ^ Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was President of Brazil 1 January 2003 – 31 December 2010.
  66. ^ Andry Rajoelina was Head of State of Madagascar (as President of the High Transitional Authority) 17 March 2009 – 25 January 2014, then the elected President 19 January 2019 – 9 September 2023.
  67. ^ Hilda Heine was President of the Marshall Islands 28 January 2016 – 13 January 2020.
  68. ^ Asif Ali Zardari was President of Pakistan 9 September 2008 – 9 September 2013.
  69. ^ Peter Pellegrini was Prime Minister of Slovakia from 22 March 2018 – 21 March 2020.
  70. ^ Dalibor Riccardi is the son of former Captain Regent Marino Riccardi

References

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  1. ^ Hereditary Prince Alois Archived 21 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ "Sudan's Constitution of 2019" (PDF). Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  3. ^ "Sudan's reinstated PM Hamdok promises a path to democracy". Al Jazeera. 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2023. The 14-point deal between Hamdok and the military, signed in the presidential palace in Khartoum on Sunday, also provides for the release of all political prisoners detained during the coup and stipulates that a 2019 constitutional declaration be the basis for a political transition, according to details read out on state television.
  4. ^ "Sudan army chief names new governing Sovereign Council". Al Jazeera. 11 November 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2023.