Grand Prismatic Spring
| Grand Prismatic Spring | |
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.jpg) Aerial view of the Grand Prismatic Spring | |
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| Location | Midway Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Teton County, Wyoming |
| Coordinates | 44°31′30″N 110°50′17″W / 44.52500°N 110.83806°W[1] |
| Elevation | 7,270 ft (2,220 m)[2] |
| Type | Hot spring |
| Discharge | 560 US gal (2,100 L) per minute |
| Temperature | 160 °F (70 °C) |
| Depth | 160 ft (50 m) |
The Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone National Park is the largest hot spring in the United States, and the third largest in the world,[3] after Frying Pan Lake in New Zealand and Boiling Lake in Dominica. It is located in the Midway Geyser Basin.
Grand Prismatic Spring was noted by geologists working in the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871, and named by them for its striking coloration. Its colors match most of those seen in the rainbow dispersion of white light by an optical prism: red, orange, yellow, green, and blue.[4]
History
[edit]The first records of the spring are from early European explorers and surveyors. In 1839, a group of four trappers from the American Fur Company crossed the Midway Geyser Basin and made note of a "boiling lake", most likely the Grand Prismatic Spring,[5] with a diameter of 300 feet (90 m). In 1870 the Washburn–Langford–Doane Expedition visited the spring, noting a 50-foot (15 m) geyser nearby (later named Excelsior).[6][7]
Color
[edit]The bright, vivid colors in the spring are the result of microbial mats of thermophilic bacteria around the edges of the mineral-rich water. The mats produce colors ranging from green to red; the amount of color in the microbial mats depends on the ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoids and on the temperature gradient in the runoff. In the summer, the mats tend to be orange and red, whereas in the winter the mats are usually dark green.[8] The center of the pool is sterile due to extreme heat.
The deep blue color of the water in the center of the pool results from the intrinsic blue color of water. The effect is strongest in the center of the spring, because of its sterility and depth.[9]
Physical structure
[edit]The spring is approximately 370 feet (110 m) in diameter and is 160 feet (50 m) deep. The spring discharges an estimated 560 US gallons (2,100 L) of 160 °F (70 °C) water per minute.[9][10]
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Grand Prismatic Spring -
Microbial mat -
Timelapse video of the Grand Prismatic Spring
References
[edit]
- ^ "Grand Prismatic Spring". Yellowstone Geothermal Features Database. Montana State University.
- ^ "Grand Prismatic Spring". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
- ^ "Steam Explosions, Earthquakes, and Volcanic Eruptions—What's in Yellowstone's Future?". U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on July 23, 2018. Retrieved September 14, 2005.
- ^ Traci Bryan; Leslie Machen; Joyce Heinsz; Peggy McCracken. "Grand Prismatic Spring". Lunar and Planetary Institute. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
- ^ ""The Fire Hole": Era of the American Fur Company, 1833-1840". Colter's Hell & Jackson's Hole. National Park Service. Archived from the original on March 12, 2005.
- ^ "Notes". Yellowstone National Park: Its Exploration and Establishment. National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 8, 2006.
- ^ "Part II: Definitive Knowledge - The Washburn Party (1870)". Yellowstone National Park: Its Exploration and Establishment. National Park Service. Archived from the original on December 13, 2004.
- ^ Thomas D. Brock. "Colorful Yellowstone". Life at High Temperature. Archived from the original on November 25, 2005.
- ^ a b Geiling, Natasha. "The Science Behind Yellowstone's Rainbow Hot Spring". Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on August 7, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
- ^ "Grand Prismatic Spring". Geyser Observation and Study Association.
Yellowstone National Park - Lower and Midway Geyser Basins | ||
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Geothermal features, geography, historic structures and other attractions in the Lower and Midway Geyser Basins | ||
| Lower Geyser Basin |
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| Midway Geyser Basin | ||
| Structures and history | ||
| Geography and geology | ||
